Law and You > Environmental Laws > Doha Amendment on Environmental Protection
The Doha Amendment is an extension of the Kyoto Protocol, a key international treaty that focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Adopted on December 8, 2012, during the 18th Conference of the Parties (COP 18) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Doha, Qatar, it establishes a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol from 2013 to 2020. This amendment represents an important step in global climate governance prior to the Paris Agreement but has significant environmental protection implications in its own right.
The Kyoto Protocol and the Need for the Doha Amendment:
- The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, was the first major international treaty that set legally binding targets for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
- The protocol’s first commitment period was from 2008 to 2012, during which industrialized countries were required to meet specific emission reduction targets.
- As the first commitment period was coming to an end, there was a need to extend the Kyoto Protocol with updated and more ambitious goals for emissions reduction. The Doha Amendment was introduced to cover the second commitment period from 2013 to 2020.
Key Features of the Doha Amendment:
- Extension of the Kyoto Protocol’s Framework: The Doha Amendment extended the Kyoto Protocol for a second commitment period from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2020, ensuring that international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions continued until a new global treaty (the Paris Agreement) could take over in 2021.
- Updated Emission Reduction Targets: Countries that participated in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol committed to more ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to the first period. These targets required participating countries to reduce emissions by at least 18% below 1990 levels during the 2013-2020 period. This represented a stronger commitment compared to the average reduction of 5% in the first commitment period (2008-2012).
- List of Participating Countries: The Doha Amendment applied only to developed countries (referred to as Annex I countries) under the Kyoto Protocol, which included nations such as the European Union, Australia, Japan, and Norway. Some major emitters, including the United States, Canada, Russia, and Japan, chose not to participate in the second commitment period. This limited the overall impact of the amendment in reducing global emissions.
- Inclusion of New Greenhouse Gases: The Doha Amendment expanded the list of greenhouse gases regulated by the Kyoto Protocol. In addition to carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), it included nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃), a potent greenhouse gas used in industrial processes, particularly in the electronics industry.
- Strengthening Compliance Mechanisms: The Doha Amendment aimed to ensure that countries that failed to meet their emission reduction targets in the first commitment period (2008-2012) would be required to “make up” the difference during the second period. It introduced a more rigorous compliance system to prevent countries from “banking” unused emission credits from the first period into the second, encouraging real reductions in emissions rather than relying on accumulated credits.
- Carryover of Emission Reduction Units (ERUs): Countries were allowed to carry over unused emission reduction units (ERUs) from the first commitment period into the second period under specific restrictions. However, to avoid an excess supply of these credits, which could undermine the integrity of the emissions reduction goals, strict limitations were imposed on how these credits could be used.
- “Hot Air” Problem Addressed: The Doha Amendment sought to address the issue of “hot air,” which refers to excess emission allowances held by countries like Russia and Ukraine, where emissions had naturally fallen below their assigned caps due to economic collapse. By limiting the transfer and use of these surplus credits, the amendment aimed to ensure that emissions reductions were meaningful and not based on artificially low targets.
Environmental Protection Implications of the Doha Amendment:
Strengthening Global Emission Reduction Efforts:
The Doha Amendment contributed to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by setting more ambitious reduction targets for developed countries. These reductions, while covering only a portion of global emissions (since not all countries participated), were a step toward mitigating climate change and protecting the environment.
It reduced emissions help slow the pace of climate change, which in turn reduces the risk of extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and biodiversity loss. The amendment’s impact on global environmental health, however, was limited by the fact that major emitters like the U.S. and Canada did not participate.
Fostering Climate Finance and Technology Transfer:
Although not as prominent as in the Paris Agreement, the Doha Amendment reaffirmed commitments made under the Kyoto Protocol to support climate finance and the transfer of green technologies to developing nations.
This support is critical for enabling developing nations to adopt low-carbon technologies, build climate resilience, and protect ecosystems that are vulnerable to climate impacts. It contributed to protecting rainforests, water resources, and agricultural systems in countries with fewer resources to combat climate change.
Addressing Global Warming Potentials of New Gases:
The inclusion of nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃) in the list of regulated gases under the Kyoto Protocol was significant, as NF₃ has a much higher global warming potential (GWP) than CO₂. By regulating this gas, the Doha Amendment took steps to prevent further damage to the atmosphere and mitigate one of the contributors to global warming.
By focusing on NF₃ and other high-GWP gases, the Doha Amendment improved the regulation of powerful greenhouse gases that had been largely unregulated under earlier climate agreements, contributing to environmental protection by reducing the potential for rapid temperature increases.
Preserving Ecosystems and Biodiversity:
Climate change is a major driver of ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss. The more stringent targets under the Doha Amendment aimed to reduce the environmental pressures caused by climate change, including habitat destruction, desertification, and ocean acidification.
Slowing global warming helps protect sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs, polar regions, and tropical rainforests, which are highly vulnerable to rising temperatures. The amendment indirectly supported biodiversity conservation by aiming to reduce the extent and pace of climate change impacts.
Encouraging International Cooperation:
The Doha Amendment kept international momentum on climate action alive between the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, fostering cooperation and dialogue among participating countries. This was particularly important in setting the stage for the Paris Agreement, which took a more inclusive and ambitious approach to addressing climate change.
While the Doha Amendment was more limited in scope than the Paris Agreement, it played a key role in maintaining a global framework for emissions reduction during a critical period for climate policy development.
Challenges and Limitations:
- Limited Participation: Several major emitters (e.g., U.S., Canada, Japan, and Russia) either withdrew or refused to participate in the second commitment period, reducing the overall impact of the Doha Amendment.
- Relatively Modest Targets: Although the Doha Amendment strengthened emissions targets compared to the first commitment period, they were still considered insufficient to limit global warming to safe levels. This contributed to criticism that the agreement was not ambitious enough.
- Delayed Ratification: The amendment required ratification by 144 countries to enter into force, which did not happen until October 2020, only months before the second commitment period was set to end. This delay hindered its full implementation and effectiveness.
Conclusion:
The Doha Amendment extended the life of the Kyoto Protocol, ensuring that developed countries continued to make progress on reducing greenhouse gas emissions during a critical period for global climate policy. While it had important environmental protection implications, including more stringent emissions reduction targets, regulation of new gases, and promoting ecosystem preservation, its overall impact was diminished by limited participation and delays in ratification. Despite these challenges, the amendment helped pave the way for the more comprehensive and inclusive Paris Agreement, which now forms the cornerstone of international climate action efforts.
Related Topics:
- Stockholm Declaration
- Rio Declaration
- Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol
- Basel Convention (Trans-Boundary Hazardous Substances)
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- Kyoto Protocol
- Paris Climate Agreement
- Convention on Biological Diversity
- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
- Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources